GEOL 1 - Physical Geology Exam # 2: Study Guide - Summer 2008 exam date: Thursday, July 10, 2008 - 8.00 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  July 8, 2008 NOTE: Cell-phones, electronic devices of ANY sort, dictionaries, books, notes, flash cards or any sort of other material not specified below CAN NOT be used for any reason during the test and should not be kept on the desk. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR responsability to cover the materials listed here on the lecture textbook and your notes. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some concepts have been expressed with much more detail in class than are explained on the book, and you are responsible for that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on your textbook); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with other students if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab   Study Guide Last Updated  •  July 8, 2008 Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Review and study the whole chapter: you need to grasp the meaning of every concept in it. Know the Introduction Know what sediment is (particle size; rounding and sorting; erosion, transportation and deposition concepts) Know the processes of lithification, that change a clastic sediment into a clastic sedimentary rock Know about compositional maturity, sorting, rounding and sphericity Know the difference between clastic (or detrital) sedimentary rocks, chemical (or crystalline) sedimentary rocks and organic sedimentary rocks Know the different types of sedimentary rocks Know the detrital, or clastic sedimentary rocks (have a general idea of where they may form, or in other words, what environment they indicate) Know what porosity, pores, grains, cement, matrix are, and how their properties vary in different clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks Remember the geologic meaning of, for instance, a quartz sandstone, an arkose, a graywacke Know what fissility is (do not confuse fissility with foliation, which is typical of regional metamorphic rocks) Know chemical sedimentary rocks: carbonate rocks, cherts and evaporites Know the difference between carbonates produced inorganically and carbonates produced organically Know which pelagic organisms are responsible for open-ocean sedimentation (see Protists on the Images web page) Know what the CCD (or Carbonate Compensation Depth) is, and how it affects sedimentation Know organic sedimentary rocks Know the origin of Oil and Gas; be able to reason in terms of oxic and anoxic environments; be able to reason on photosynthesis and respiration; know and be aware that conditions on Earth in the past were different (for instance, during the Cretaceous) Know Sedimentary Structures (see Sedimentary Structures and Colors on the Images web page) Know where you would find, among other structures, Graded Bedding and Cross-Bedding Know what a Turbidite is and where it would form, and its temporal meaning Know what Fossils are, and what they indicate (both Time and Environment of Deposition) Know what a Formation is (for instance, the Navajo Sandstone, or the Morrison Formation) Know the Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks Know what Transgression and Regression are and how to recognize them in a sequence of layers. Chapter 7 - Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Review and study the whole chapter Know the Introduction Know the Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks Know the difference between confining pressure and differential stress Know what foliation is (and do not confuse foliation with fissility) Know the Classification of Metamorphic Rocks; know what parameters to use when you deal with contact metamorphism as opposed to regional metamorphism Know what marble, quartzite and hornsfel are Know what slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss and migmatite are Know Types of Metamorphism Know about Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism Know Hydrothermal Processes, including Metasomatism, Water at Convergent Boundaries and Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals (in general and at Divergent Plate Boundaries) Chapter 8 - Time and Geology Review and study the whole chapter: you need to grasp the meaning of every concept in it. Know the Introduction and the chapter " The Key to the Past" Know the difference between Relative Age and Numerical Age Review (from chapter 6) what Contacts and Formations are Know the three Principles of Steno, and who Steno was Know the other two Principles: cross-cutting relationships and inclusions Know what Unconformities are, and the three kinds we described Know Correlation, and how we proceed to correlate Know in particular the use of Fossils, the Principle of Faunal Succession, what is an Index Fossil, what is a Fossil Assemblage Know about James Hutton (uniformitarianism), Charles Lyell (Principles of Geology), Charles Darwin, William Smith (Principle of Faunal Succession and first extensive Geologic Map ever published) Know the Standard Geologic Time Scale: the conceptual difference between periods of time and the rocks that represent those periods of time (already seen as a concept for test #1); know names and relative order of Eons (Eonothems), Eras (Erathems) and Periods (Systems) Know Numerical Age Be able to tell how you use 14C methods Know Combining Relative and Numerical Ages Know the Age of the Earth Be able to use all the concepts you learned: for instance, can a Jurassic chert inclusion be found in a Triassic limestone? (no: inclusions are older than the rocks in which they are found, and the Jurassic is younger than the Triassic) Chapter 9 - Mass Wasting Study the whole chapter; remember that one essay question will come out of Chapter 9 Know the Introduction know what Mass Wasting is and how it is classified know the Controlling Factors in Mass Wasting know the Common Types of Mass Wasting know Underwater Landslides Know Preventing Landslides Chapter 10 - Streams and Floods Chapter 10 will only be covered up to page 257 for this second test. know what happens in the Hydrologic Cycle; be prepared to discuss what happens in case of Global Warming or Global Cooling (in terms of sea level, oxygen isotopes, global ocean circulation, generation of hydrocarbons, etc.) Know Running Water Know Drainage Basins Know Drainage Patterns Know Factors affecting Stream Erosion, Transportation, Deposition be prepared to solve simple problems concerning Discharge be prepared to answer questions concerning how sedimentary grains of different size behave when subject to stream currents of different velocity (that is, be able to reason on the diagram of Fig. 10.7, page 253) Know about Stream Erosion Know Stream Transportation of Sediment Know Stream Deposition (only the introduction and the section on Bars; stop at page 257. The rest of this paragraph and of the chapter will be covered on the Final Exam)