GEOL 1 - Physical Geology Exam # 3 Study Guide - Spring 2015 exam date: Wednesday, May 13, 2015 - 9:30 AM Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  May 6, 2015 PLEASE NOTE: Cellular phones, iPods, Blackberries, Bluetooth, headphones, computers, pocket calculators, dictionaries, translators or, in general, ANY KIND of electronic device CANNOT be used during the test. All electronic devices MUST BE TURNED OFF: if a cell phone rings, if a light is visible, or a device is on while in class during test time, you will not be allowed to finish your test and your result will be invalidated. You cannot use any text, manual, note, dictionary, pocket calculator, flash card, or any other source of information except your brain. You will NOT need a ruler for this test. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron, Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. There is no additional information compared to what has been said, discussed, shown, illustrated in class. It is YOUR personal responsibility to cover the materials listed below on the lecture textbook, on the lab textbook, on the web pages, and on your notes. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some information that has been detailed in class is only mentioned briefly on the textbooks, and you are responsible for covering that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Review the materials from your quizzes. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with other fellow students if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab. Jurassic ammonites from the Ammonitic Red Formation of the Italian Alps   Textbook chapters Last Updated  •  May 6, 2015 Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Know the Introduction Know Sediment know what sediment is, how it gets eroded, transported, deposited know the processes of lithification, that change a clastic sediment into a clastic sedimentary rock know about compositional maturity, sorting, rounding and sphericity Know Table 6.1, page 129 Review Figure 6.3, page 130 Know Types of Sedimentary Rocks in particular, know the differences that exist between clastic sedimentary rocks, crystalline sedimentary rocks, and organic sedimentary rocks Know Detrital (or clastic) Sedimentary Rocks know what porosity, pores, grains, cement, matrix are, and how their properties vary in different clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks carefully review all figures, from 6.6 to 6.13, that relate to this paragraph remember the geologic meaning of, for instance, a quartz sandstone, an arkose, a graywacke know what fissility is (do not confuse fissility with foliation, which is typical of regional metamorphic rocks, see Chapter 7) Know Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: carbonate rocks, cherts and evaporites know the difference between carbonates produced inorganically and carbonates produced organically know which pelagic organisms are responsible for open-ocean sedimentation (see Protists on the Images web page) know what the C.C.D. (Carbonate Compensation Depth) is (see C.C.D. on the Stratigraphy web page) carefully review all figures, from 6.14 to 6.23, that relate to this paragraph know Table 6.2, page 139 Know Organic Sedimentary Rocks know The Origin of Oil and Gas: be able to reason in terms of oxic (rich in oxygen, like today's Earth surface) and anoxic (poor, or devoid of oxygen, like some areas in today's oceans) environments; be able to reason on photosynthesis and respiration; know and be aware that conditions on Earth in the past were different (for instance, during the greenhouse time of the Cretaceous, when there was not much oxygen at the bottom of the ocean) Know Sedimentary Structures (see also Sedimentary Structures and Colors on the Images web page) Know where you would find, among other structures, Graded Bedding and Cross-Bedding Know what a Turbidite is and where it would form, and its temporal meaning Know what Fossils are, and what they indicate (both Time and Environment of Deposition) Know what a Formation is (for instance, the Navajo Sandstone, or the Morrison Formation) Know Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks Know what Transgression and Regression are (see text and Figure 6.38, page 153) Know figures 6.39 and 6.40, page 155 ALSO: Review the summary at the end of the chapter Learn the terms to remember Answer questions in the "testing your knowledge" section Chapter 7 - Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks Know the Introduction Know Metamorphism Know Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks know the difference between confining pressure and differential stress know what foliation is (and do not confuse foliation with fissility, typical of shale, a clastic sedimentary rock, see Chapter 6) review in particular Figure 7.6, page 162) Know Classification of Metamorphic Rocks (see also Table 7.1, page 163) Know the contact metamorphic rocks: marble, quartzite and hornfels Know the regional metamorphic rocks: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss and migmatite Know Types of Metamorphism Know Metamorphic Grade Know in particular Figure 7.18, page 170 Know about Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism (see also Figure 7.21, page 173) Know Hydrothermal Metamorphism and Plate Tectonics, including Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals Know about black smokers Review in particular Figures 7.23, 7.24, and 7.25, page 175 ALSO: Review the summary at the end of the chapter Learn the terms to remember Answer questions in the "testing your knowledge" section Chapter 8 - Time and Geology Know the Introduction Know The Key to the Past Know who Nicolaus Steno, James Hutton, Charles Lyell, William Smith, and Charles Darwin were and what was their contribution to geology (an extended guide to this can be found on the web site, on the stratigraphy pages. You do not need to study or know all of this section: just refer to the basic facts concerning the four scientist cited above and discussed during lecture). Know Relative Time Among other things: Know the Introduction Know the difference between Relative Age and Numerical Age Review (from chapter 6) what contacts and Formations are Know the three Principles of Steno, and who Steno was Know the other two Principles: cross-cutting relationships and inclusions Know what Unconformities are, and the three kinds we described (You can skip the term of Paraconformity, but still know it is a possible kind of unconformity). Check out the web site page on unconformities Know Correlation, and how we proceed to correlate Know in particular the use of Fossils, the Principle of Faunal Succession, what is an Index Fossil, what is a Fossil Assemblage Know the Standard Geologic Time Scale: know the difference between periods of time and the rocks that represent those periods of time know names and relative order of Eons (Eonothems), Eras (Erathems) and Periods (Systems) know numerical ages for the Precambrian / Phanerozoic boundary, and for the Paleozoic / Mesozoic and Mesozoic / Cenozoic boundaries. Use Figure 8.24, page 199, for reference. Know Numerical Age Read the whole paragraph, but know in particular: about radioactive isotopes (not the single couples parent - daughter but the concept of radioactivity and radioactive decay) about parent and daughter isotopes, and the concept of half-life be able to calculate numerical ages using simple math, when you know the amounts of P, D and the half-life of an isotope. You are supposed to know the half-life of 14C. If other isotopes will be used, I will provide you with the proper numbers. about the differences in dating rocks and in dating organic materials: what do you use, why can you use it, how does it work and what are the orders of magnitude of time involved about Uses of Isotopic Dating Know Combining Relative and Numerical Ages Know Age of the Earth Be able to use all the concepts you learned so far: for instance, can a Jurassic chert inclusion be found in a Triassic limestone? (answer: NO! Inclusions are always older than the rock that hosts them. The Jurassic Period is younger than Triassic Period, so you can not have a inclusion that is younger than the rock in which it is found). ALSO: Review the summary at the end of the chapter Learn the terms to remember Answer questions in the "testing your knowledge" section Go back to the Top | Go back to the Spring 2015 Page | Go back to the Home Page © Alessandro Grippo, 1994-2015 Los Angeles, California