GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 1 Study Guide - Winter 2008 exam date: Thursday, January 10, 2008 - 8.00 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  January 8, 2008 NOTE: Cell-phones, electronic devices of ANY sort, dictionaries, books, notes, flash cards or any sort of other material not specified below CAN NOT be used for any reason during the test. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR responsability to cover the materials listed here on the lecture textbook, the lab textbook and your notes, including those you have taken during the projection of movies, if any. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some concepts have been expressed with much more detail in class than are explained on the book, and you are responsible for that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with others if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  January 8, 2008 Chapter 1 Review and study the whole chapter. While there will not be direct questions on a few paragraphs, you need to grasp the meaning of every concept Read Who needs Geology Know An overview of Physical Geology - important concepts Know Earth's layer, from both the physical and the chemical point of view, and how they differ one from the other Be able to explain how do we know about them Know about the magnetic field of Earth Know about sources of heat and energy on Earth Know about convection, plate tectonics, name and location of the main plates Know all kinds of plate boundaries, and what happens at each one of them Know the three kinds of rocks and their origin Know Geologic Time: be aware of the immensity of geologic time Chapter 2 Know Minerals Know Atoms and elements; the atomic structure, why atoms bond, and how (kinds of bond) Know about ions, and isotopes, atomic number and atomic mass Include section "In greater depth 2.1" on page 34 Include section "In greater depth 2.2" on page 35 Include section "In greater depth 2.3" on page 36 Know about polar molecules, stable and unstable (radioactive) isotopes Know the eight most abundant element of Earth's crust, and their relative importance Include section "In greater depth 2.14" on page 38 Know the main mineral groups present in Earth's crust Know about silicon tetrahedra, how they bond, why they are stable or unstable; know what kind of minerals with silicon tetrahedra have what structure Know what defines a mineral and the most important ones; know the chemical formulas of quartz, olivine and calcite Read Variations in Mineral structures and compositions Read The physical properties of minerals and know color: there will be no direct questions on this paragraph but be sure to read it for completeness of information and to improve comprehension of the study material. You will be tested in detail onlyduring the second exam Know The many conditions of mineral formation Chapter 3 Know the Rock Cycle Know Igneous Rocks Know the diagram of Fig. 3.6, page 62, or Fig. 3.7, page 65 (which shows rock pictures) Notice and study the variation in texture and color in the six sample rocks of Fig. 3.7 Use the previous figures together with Table 3.1, page 64 Know Intrusive Bodies (both shallow and deep) Know Abundance and Distribution of Plutonic Rocks Know How Magma forms Know How Magmas of different Composition evolve (including Bowen's reaction series: there WILL be questions on it; study Fig. 3.20, page 73)) Know Explaining igneous activity by plate tectonics Chapter 4 Know Pyroclastic Debris and Lava Flows Read Living with Volcanoes Know Extrusive Rocks and Gases, including composition and textures Know Extrusive Rocks Know the Types of Volcanoes Know about Lava Floods Know Submarine Eruptions Chapter 5 Know what Weathering, Erosion and Transportation are Know Weathering and Earth Systems Know How Weathering alters Rocks Know Effects of Weathering Know everything about Mechanical and Chemical Weathering; be sure you know what the most important agents for both kinds are; be sure to know the consequences of both kinds of weathering on different rocks, and what the most common weathering products are Know all about Soils; be sure to know also about the properties of clay minerals   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  January 8, 2008 Chapter 1 - Observing and Measuring Earth Materials and Processes Know the Introduction Know "Observing Earth Materials and processes of Change through Time": the whole paragraph, including Satellite Remote Sensing of Geology Know "Measuring Earth Materials and Relationships": be able to use the metric system and to perform simple calculations, such as m to mm or km or cm; g to kg; L to mL; know the main conversion factors between feet and meters & miles and kilometers; liters and gallons; grams and pounds (see page xi in the preface; NO CALCULATOR required for the exam, no calculator or cell phone allowed!); know how to calculate an area and a volume; know how to measure and calculate velocity (speed) and density. Know "Density, Gravity and Isostasy" Know "Isostasy and Earth's Global Topography" Chapter 2 - Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Magma Know the Introduction, including satellite remote sensing (Lageos and GPS) Know part 2A, including the three kinds of stress (Fig. 2.3, page 33) and three kinds of faults (Fig. 2.4, page 34) and how do they relate to plate tectonics (Fig.2.1, page 32) Know part 2B ("What drives Plate Tectonics"), including seismic tomography: what it is, how it works, ho it is displayed, how it is interpreted Know part 2C ("The Origin of Magma"): temperature,pressure and T-P diagrams Know part 2D ("Measuring and evaluating Plate Tectonics"): know about Hot Spots (Hawai'i and Yellowstone National Park) and the San Andreas Fault. Be able to reason around rates of plate motion, distances and ages. For instance, if a plate breaks up into two today and these two spread apart at 5cm/yr, after 1 million years they will be 50 km apart: if you know two of these values you can get the third!