GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 1 Study Guide - Winter 2009 exam date: Thursday, January 15, 2009 - 8:00 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  January 13, 2009 PLEASE NOTE: Cellular phones, iPods, Blackberries, Bluetooth, headphones or electronic devices of ANY sort, dictionaries, books, notes, flash cards or any kind of other material not specified below CAN NOT BE TURNED ON or USED for any reason during the test. The ONLY things you need to bring are: one Scantron Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR responsability to cover the materials listed here, whether on the lecture textbook, the lab textbook or your notes, including those you have taken during the projection of movies, if any. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some concepts have been expressed with much more detail in class than are explained on the book, and you are responsible for that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with others if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  January 13, 2009 Chapter 1 - Introducing Geology, the Essentials of Plate Tectonics, and Other Important Concepts Review and study the whole chapter. While there will not be direct questions on a few paragraphs, you need to grasp the meaning of every concept Read Who Needs Geology Know Earth Systems Know An Overview of Physical Geology - important concepts Know the whole paragraph but know in particular: Know Earth's layer, from both the physical and the chemical point of view, and how they differ one from the other Be able to explain how do we know about them Know about the magnetic field of Earth Know about sources of heat and energy on Earth Know about convection, plate tectonics, name and location of the main plates Know all kinds of plate boundaries, and what happens at each one of them Know the three kinds of rocks and their origin Know Geologic Time: be aware of the immensity of geologic time Chapter 2 - Atoms, Elements, and Minerals Know Minerals Know in particular: Atoms and elements; the atomic structure, why atoms bond, and how (kinds of bond) Know about ions, and isotopes, atomic number and atomic mass Include section "Earth Systems 2.1" on stable isotopes, page 33 Include section "In Greater Depth 2.2" on elements in Earth's crust, page 36 Include section "Environmental Geology 2.4" on clay minerals, page 40 Know about polar molecules, stable and unstable (radioactive) isotopes Know the eight most abundant element of Earth's crust, and their relative importance Know the main mineral groups present in Earth's crust Know about silicon tetrahedra, how they bond, why they are stable or unstable; know what kind of minerals with silicon tetrahedra have what structure Know what defines a mineral and the most important ones; know the chemical formulas of quartz, olivine and calcite Read Variations in Mineral Structures and Compositions (we discussed in particular the structure and formation of the mineral olivine) Read The Physical Properties of Minerals but know the section on Color: there will be no direct questions on this paragraph (except on Color) but be sure to read it for completeness of information and to improve comprehension of the study material. These materials are also covered on the lab manual and you will be tested in detail on them on the second exam. Know The Many Conditions of Mineral Formation Read section "In Greater Depth 2.7" on the molecule of water. Chapter 3 - Igneous Rocks, Intrusive Activity and the Origin of Igneous Rocks Know The Rock Cycle Know Igneous Rocks Among other things: Know the diagram of Fig. 3.6, page 60, and/or Fig. 3.7, page 63 (which shows rock pictures) Notice and study the variation in texture and color in the six sample rocks of Fig. 3.7 Use the previous figures together with Table 3.1, page 62 Read section "In Greater Depth 3.1" on Pegmatites, page 61 Know Intrusive Bodies (both shallow and deep) Know Abundance and Distribution of Plutonic Rocks Know How Magma Forms Know How Magmas of Different Composition Evolve (including Bowen's reaction series: there WILL be questions on it; study Fig. 3.20, page 71) Know Explaining Igneous Activity by Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 - Volcanism and Extrusive Rocks Know Pyroclastic Debris and Lava Flows Know Living with Volcanoes, and in particular: the Growth of an Island Effect on Climate Eruptive Violence and Physical Characetristics of Lava Know Extrusive Rocks and Gases Know Extrusive Rocks. Be sure to review table 4.1, page 93 Know Types of Volcanoes. Be sure to review Table 4.2, page 97 Know Lava Floods Know Submarine Eruptions Chapter 5 - Weathering and Soil Know what Weathering, Erosion and Transportation are Know Weathering and Earth Systems Know How Weathering Changes Rocks Know Effects of Weathering Know everything about Mechanical Weatheringand Chemical Weathering. Be sure you know what the most important agents for both kinds are Be sure to know the consequences of both kinds of weathering on different rocks Know what the most common weathering products are Understand what happens in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.13 (only know the main chemical formulas) Know table 5.2, page 123 Know all about Soil. Be sure to know also about the properties of clay minerals (remember the section on clay minerals, page 40) Know the difference between a clay mineral and a clay particle Read the section "In Greater Depth 5.2" on bauxite and aluminum, page 131 and know the main concepts You do NOT need to know Table 5.3, page 132 Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Know the Introduction Know Sediment Know what sediment is, how it gets eroded, transported, deposited Know the stages of lithification, that change a clastic sediment into a clastic sedimentary rock Know about compositional maturity, sorting, rounding and sphericity Know the difference between clastic sedimentary rocks and crystalline sedimentary rocks Know the different Types of Sedimentary Rocks Know Detrital Rocks (we called these Clastic Sedimentary Rocks in class) Know what porosity, pores, grains, cement, matrix are, and how their properties vary in different clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks Remember the geologic meaning of, for instance, a quartz sandstone, an arkose, a graywacke Know what fissility is (do not confuse fissility with foliation, which is typical of regional metamorphic rocks, or layering, which is typical of all sedimentary rocks) Know Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: carbonate rocks, cherts and evaporites Know the difference between carbonates produced inorganically and carbonates produced organically Know which pelagic planktonic organisms are responsible for open-ocean sedimentation (see the page on Protists on the Images web page) Know what the CCD (or Carbonate Compensation Depth) is Know Organic Sedimentary Rocks Know The Origin of Oil and Gas, including the discussions on: Photosynthesis and respiration Anoxic conditions Basic oceanic circulation of the Present and of the Cretaceous STOP at Sedimentary Structures, page 153: these materials will be covered in the second test.   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  January 13, 2009 Chapter 1 - Observing and Measuring Earth Materials and Processes Know the Introduction Know Observing Earth Materials and Processes of Change through Time Know the whole paragraph, including "Satellite Remote Sensing of Geology" Know Measuring Earth Materials and Relationships Be able to use the metric system and to perform simple calculations, such as changing from meters to millimeters or kilometers or centimeters; from grams to kilograms; from liters to milliliters Know the main conversion factors between feet and meters & miles and kilometers; liters and gallons; grams and pounds (see page xi in the preface; NO CALCULATOR required for the exam, no calculator or cell phone allowed!) Know how to calculate an area and a volume; know how to measure and calculate velocity (speed) and density. Know Density, Gravity and Isostasy Know Isostasy and Earth's Global Topography Chapter 2 - Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Magma Know the Introduction, including "Satellite Remote Sensing" (Lageos and GPS) Know part 2A, Is Earth's Size Increasing, Decreasing, or Staying About the Same? including the three kinds of stress (Fig. 2.3, page 33) the three kinds of faults (Fig. 2.4, page 34) how they relate to plate tectonics (Fig. 2.1, page 32) Know part 2B, What Drives Plate Tectonics, including seismic tomography: what it is, how it works, how it is displayed, how it is interpreted Know part 2C, The Origin of Magma: temperature, pressure and P-T diagrams Know part 2D, Measuring and evaluating Plate Tectonics) Know about Hot Spots (Hawai'i and Yellowstone National Park) and the San Andreas Fault Be able to reason around rates of plate motion, distances and ages. For instance, if a plate breaks up into two smaller ones today (that is, at time = 0) and these two start to spread apart at a rate (speed) of 5 cm/yr, how far would they be (distance) from each other after 2 million years (time)