GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 2 Study Guide - Winter 2008 exam date: Thursday, January 24, 2008 - 8.00 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  January 20, 2008 NOTE: Cell-phones, electronic devices of ANY sort, dictionaries, books, notes, flash cards or any sort of other material not specified below CAN NOT be used for any reason during the test. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser your Geology/Mineralogy 2X2 glass (you will be provided with a streak plate; magnets and HCl will be available) This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR responsability to cover the materials listed here on the lecture textbook, the lab textbook and your notes, including those you have taken during the projection of movies, if any. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some concepts have been expressed with much more detail in class than are explained on the book, and you are responsible for that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with others if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  January 20, 2008 Chapter 5 - Weathering and Soil Know what Weathering, Erosion and Transportation are Know Weathering and Earth Systems Know How Weathering alters Rocks Know Effects of Weathering Know everything about Mechanical and Chemical Weathering; be sure you know what the most important agents for both kinds are; be sure to know the consequences of both kinds of weathering on different rocks, and what the most common weathering products are Know all about Soils; be sure to know also about the properties of clay minerals Know the difference between a clay mineral and a clay particle Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Know the Introduction Know what sediment is, how it gets eroded, transported, deposited Know the processes of lithification, that change a clastic sediment into a clastic sedimentary rock Know about compositional maturity, sorting, rounding and sphericity Know the difference between clastic sedimentary rocks and crystalline sedimentary rocks Know the different types of sedimentary rocks Know the detrital, or clastic sedimentary rocks Know what porosity, pores, grains, cement, matrix are, and how their properties vary in different clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks Remember the geologic meaning of, for instance, a quartz sandstone, an arkose, a graywacke Know what fissility is (do not confuse fissility with foliation, which is typical of regional metamorphic rocks) Know chemical sedimentary rocks: carbonate rocks, cherts and evaporites Know the difference between carbonates produced inorganically and carbonates produced organically Know which pelagic organisms are responsible for open-ocean sedimentation (see Protists on the Images web page) Know what the CCD (or Carbonate Compensation Depth) is Know organic Sedimentary Rocks Know the origin of Oil and Gas; be able to reason in terms of oxic and anoxic environments; be able to reason on photosynthesis and respiration; know and be aware that conditions on Earth in the past were different (for instance, during the Cretaceous) Know Sedimentary Structures (see Sedimentary Structures and Colors on the Images web page) Know where you would find, among other structures, Graded Bedding and Cross-Bedding Know what a Turbidite is and where it would form, and its temporal meaning Know what Fossils are, and what they indicate (both Time and Environment of Deposition) Know what a Formation is (for instance, the Navajo Sandstone, or the Morrison Formation) Know the Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks Know what Transgression and Regression are (see Web Box 6.3, page 165 of textbook) Chapter 7 - Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Know the Introduction Know the Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks Know the difference between confining pressure and differential stress Know what foliation is (and do not confuse foliation with fissility) Know the Classification of Metamorphic Rocks: first, consider the texture of a metamorphic rock (page 177) Know what marble, quartzite and hornsfel are Know what slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss and migmatite are Know about Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism Know Hydrothermal Processes, including Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals Chapter 8 - Time and Geology Know the Introduction Know the difference between Relative Age and Numerical Age Review (from chapter 6) what contacts and Formations are Know the three Principles of Steno, and who Steno was Know the other two Principles: cross-cutting relationships and inclusions Know what Unconformities are, and the three kinds we described Know Correlation, and how we proceed to correlate Know in particular the use of Fossils, the Principle of Faunal Succession, what is an Index Fossil, what is a Fossil Assemblage Know the Standard Geologic Time Scale: the difference between periods of time and the rocks that represent those periods of time (already seen as a concept for test #1); know names and relative order of Eons (Eonothems), Eras (Erathems) and Periods (Systems) Know Numerical Age Be able to tell how you use 14C methods Know Combining Relative and Numerical Ages Know the Age of the Earth Be able to use all the concepts you learned: for instance, can a Jurassic chert inclusion be found in a Triassic limestone?   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  January 20, 2008 Mineral Identification: You will need to identify a few minerals, out of the ones you have identified during two labs. You will need to bring your 2x2 glass only; HCl and a magnet will be available if and when necessary; you will be given a streak plate. You will have a copy of Fig. 3.9, page 53; a copy of Figs. 3.25, 3.26 and 3.27; a blank copy of Fig. 3.29. You will have no access to Fig. 3.28 or anything else. You will need to know the procedure to follow, as explained in part 3B, page 62 and as you applied it during your lab exercise. Rock Identification: You will need to tell if the rocks you will be looking at are either igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary (you will NOT need to identify the rock for this test). You will have a copy of the Flow Chart of Fig. 4.4, page 81, and a blank copy of Fig. 4.12 page 87 only. Chapter 3 - Mineral Properties, Uses and Identification Know the Introduction Know Mineral Properties and Uses (know what all these properties are, and know how to apply them during the test part of mineral identification) Know the procedure for Mineral Identification and Appreciation Skip part 3C ("Mineral Resources and Commodities") Chapter 4 - Rock-Forming Processes and the Rock Cycle Know the Introduction Know parts 4A and 4B Be able to reason in terms of the Rock Cycle, for instance filling in Fig. 4.13, page 88