GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 2 Study Guide - Winter 2009 exam date: Thursday, January 29, 2009 - 8:00 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  January 23, 2009 PLEASE NOTE: Cellular phones, iPods, Blackberries, Bluetooth, headphones or electronic devices of ANY sort, dictionaries, books, notes, flash cards or any kind of other material not specified below CAN NOT BE TURNED ON or USED for any reason during the test. The ONLY things you need to bring are: one Scantron Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser your Geology/Mineralogy 2X2 glass (you will all be provided with an individual streak plate; magnets and HCl bottles will be available) This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR responsability to cover the materials listed here, whether on the lecture textbook, the lab textbook or your notes, including those you have taken during the projection of movies, if any. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some concepts have been expressed with much more detail in class than are explained on the book, and you are responsible for that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with others if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab.   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  January 24, 2009 Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks This chapter was partially covered in the previous test. Review materials on clastic (detrital), chemical and organic sedimentary rocks before this test, as they will be extremely useful for a thorough understanding of these materials. START studying at Sedimentary Structures, page 153. There will be no direct questions on materials preceding page 153. Know Sedimentary Structures Know ALL the sedimentary structures discussed in class and detailed on the textbook Know where you would find, among other structures, Graded Bedding and Cross-Bedding Know what a Turbidite is and where it would form, and its temporal meaning Study the figures in "Sedimentary Structures and Colors" on the Images web page We also spent some time discussing geopetal structures. Check your notes Know Fossils Know what Fossils are, and what they indicate (both Time and Environment of Deposition) We dedicated some time to the description of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic forms that contribute to the formation of limestones and cherts in the ocean (see Protists on the Images web page) Know Formations Know what a Formation is (for instance, the Navajo Sandstone, or the Morrison Formation) Know Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks Know what a Source Area is and how it can be traced Know all the Environments of Deposition and what kind of rocks can be found is typical for each one Know Transgression and Regression. Be able to reason in terms of a sequence (for instance, if you have a shale above a sandstone you very likely had an increase in sea level at that locality; be able to explain how and why that happens in terms of depositional materials; you already know how and why that happens in terms of climate change from the materials of test 1). Know Plate Tectonics and Sedimentary Rocks Chapter 7 - Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Know the Introduction Know the Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks (All of these factors are equally important, but be aware in particular of the meaning of Differential Stress and Foliation) Know Classification of Metamorphic Rocks For this paragraph, do not forget to double check your study material with Table 7.1, page 176 Know Types of Metamorphism In addition to the text, study in particular Figure 7.14, page 182 and Figure 7.17, page 184. I will NOT ask any question out of Figure 7.18, page 185. Know Hydrothermal Processes Chapter 8 - Time and Geology Know The Key to the Past Know who Steno, Hutton, Lyell and Darwin were and what was their contribution to geology (an extended guide to this can be found on the web site, on the stratigraphy pages. You do not need to study or know all of this section: just refer to the basic facts concerning the four scientist cited above and discussed during lecture). Know Relative Time Among other things: Know the Introduction Know the difference between Relative Age and Numerical Age Review (from chapter 6) what contacts and Formations are Know the three Principles of Steno, and who Steno was Know the other two Principles: cross-cutting relationships and inclusions Know what Unconformities are, and the four kinds we described. Check out the web site page on unconformities Know Correlation, and how we proceed to correlate Know in particular the use of Fossils, the Principle of Faunal Succession, what is an Index Fossil, what is a Fossil Assemblage Know the Standard Geologic Time Scale: know the difference between periods of time and the rocks that represent those periods of time know names and relative order of Eons (Eonothems), Eras (Erathems) and Periods know numerical ages for the Precambrian / Phanerozoic boundary, and for the Paleozoic / Mesozoic and Mesozoic / Cenozoic boundaries. Use Figure 8.24, page 214 for reference. (Systems) Know Numerical Age Read the whole paragraph, but know in particular: about radioactive isotopes (not the single couples parent - daughter but the concept of radioactivity and radioactive decay) about parent and daughter isotopes, and the concept of half-life be able to calculate numerical ages using simple math, when you know the amounts of P, D and the half-life of an isotope. You are supposed to know the half-life of 14C. If other isotopes will be used, i wil provide you with their half-life. about the differences in dating rocks and in dating organic materials: what do you use, why can you use it, how does it work and what are the orders of magnitude of time involved about Uses of Isotopic Dating Review Figures 8.20 (page 208), 8.21 (page 209), grasp the concepts, but I will NOT ask questions out of them Know Figure 8.22 A, page 211 and grasp the meaning of 8.22 B. Questions would only be from 8.22. Know Know Combining Relative and Numerical Ages Know Age of the Earth Be able to use all the concepts you learned so far: for instance, can a Jurassic chert inclusion be found in a Triassic limestone? (answer: NO! Inclusions are always older than the rock that hosts them. The Jurassic Period is younger than Triassic Period, so you can not have a younger inclusion). Chapter 9 - Mass Wasting Know Introduction to Mass Wasting Know Classification of Mass Wasting Know Controlling Factors in Mass Wasting Read and Know the basic facts of Common Types of Mass wasting. Know what creep, earthflow, solifluction,permafrost, ebris flow, mud flow, rockfall, rockslide and rock avalance are I will not ask any specific case used as an example Know Underwater Landslides Know Preventing Landslides STOP at the end of Chapter 9. Chapter 10 wil be part of the next test.   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  January 23, 2009 For this part of the test you will have to identify minerals and also answer a few questions. Mineral Identification: You will need to identify a few minerals (chosen among the 25 you have already seen and identified during the two labs of January 20 and 21, and reviewed once again after grading on January 28, 2009). You will need to bring your 2x2 glass ONLY (plus pencil, eraser and scantron). HCl and a magnet will be available. You will all be checking out a streak plate from the Department (MUST be returned after the test). I will provide you with a copy of Fig. 3.9, page 53; a copy of Figs. 3.25, page 63, 3.26, page 64, and 3.27, page 65; a blank copy of Fig. 3.29. You will have NO access to Fig. 3.28 or anything else. You will need to know the procedure for mineral identification, as explained in part 3B, page 62. You already worked with that procedure during your lab exercise and review. Lab Chapter 3 - Mineral Properties, Uses and Identification Know the Introduction Know Mineral Properties and Uses Know what all these properties are Know how to work with them during the test part of mineral identification Know the procedure for Mineral Identification and Appreciation (I will NOT ask questions out of this but you will need to know it in detail for mineral identification) Skip part 3C, Mineral Resources and Commodities Lab Chapter 4 - Rock-Forming Processes and the Rock Cycle Know the Introduction This paragraph summarizes the three kinds of rocks, their properties, and their classification. You have already seen part of this material in greater detail for test 1 (igneous and sedimentary rocks) and you are preparing metamorphic rocks from the textbook also for this very test Skip parts 4A and 4B. There will be NO rock identification on this test. Be able to reason in terms of the Rock Cycle, for instance by working on Fig. 4.13, page 88 Lab Chapter 5 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanic Hazards Know the Introduction Know the Igneous Processes and Rocks Know the Introduction Know Textures of Igneous Rocks Know Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks Skip Classifying Igneous Rocks (it will be on the final) Skip Bowen's Series of Mineral Crystallization and Reaction in Magma (it will be on the final) Skip parts 5B and 5C. There will be NO igneous rock identification on this test.