GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 3 Study Guide - Winter 2008 exam date: Thursday, February 7, 2008 - 8.00 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  February 2, 2008 NOTE: Cell-phones, electronic devices of ANY sort, dictionaries, books, notes, flash cards or any sort of other material not specified below CAN NOT be used for any reason during the test. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser your Geology/Mineralogy 2X2 glass (a streak plate, magnets and HCl will be available in case of need) This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR responsability to cover the materials listed here on the lecture textbook, the lab textbook and your notes, including those you have taken during the projection of movies, if any. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some concepts have been expressed with much more detail in class than are explained on the book, and you are responsible for that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with others if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  February 2, 2008 Previous Chapters: As you know, about one third of the final test is cumulative and concerns the chapters we covered during the semester. Questions could come from any of the previous chapters but they will be more generic and less specific than for Chapters 9 through 15. Chapter 9 - Mass Wasting know what Mass Wasting is and how it is classified know what the controlling factors in mass wasting are know the common types of mass wasting know how to prevent landslides Chapter 10 - Streams and Floods know what happens in the Hydrologic Cycle; be prepared to discuss what happens in case of Global Warming or Global Cooling (in terms of sea level, oxygen isotopes, global ocean circulation, generation of hydrocarbons, etc.) know Running Water know Drainage Basins know Drainage Patterns know Factors affecting erosion, transportation, deposition be prepared to solve simple problems concerning Discharge be prepared to answer questions concerning how sedimentary grains of different size behave when subject to stream currents of different velocity (that is, be able to reason on the diagram of Fig. 10.7, page 253) know about Stream Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (including all kinds of depositional bodies) skip the paragraph on Flooding know Stream Valley Development know Stream Terraces know Incised Meanders know Superposed Streams (not on textbook, but detailed in class) Chapter 11 - Ground Water know what groundwater is know what porosity and permeability are, and how they differ; know which rocks are or are not porous and/or permeable; know about primary and secondary porosity know about the water table, the movement of ground water, aquifers, wells, springs and streams skip the paragraph on contamination of ground water study the paragraph about balancing withdrawal and recharge study the effects of ground-water action, with special attention to chemical equation of calcium carbonate / bicarbonate / carbon dioxide equilibria know about karst landscapes know hot water underground Chapter 12 - Glaciers and Glaciation This chapter was expanded in class with a discussion on the possible reasons for climate change (among others: a different distribution of oceans and land masses, variations in the rate of volcanic activity, variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth over time) that is part of the materials on which you will be tested. You should have your notes but there is also a brief summary in Box 12.5 on the textbook (page 330). I also added a reference figure on the web on Milankovitch cycles (it is the last figure, at the bottom of the page) Also, I would suggest to integrate your knowledge by reading Box 12.1 (page 313), Box 12.3 (pages 318-319) and, to better understand what happens when velocity and discharge of water increase abnormously, Box 12.6 (page 333). Finally, when studying varves, do not forget their meaning and utility in terms of geologic time. Know the Introduction Know Glaciers - Where they are, how they form and move Know Glacial Erosion Know Glacial Deposition Know the Theory of Glacial Ages (integrate this paragraph with Box 12.5, page 330) Chapter 13 - Deserts and Wind Action For this chapter, there was a thorough discussion in class on atmospheric circulation (air pressure and temperature, humidity - or amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, patterns of precipitation and fair weather, etc.) on a non-rotating Earth and then on a rotating Earth (Coriolis effect). We also briefly discussed surface ocean currents, as opposed to deep ocean currents. Peruse your notes on these concepts. One common mistake is to confuse the reasons why we have deserts with the characteristics of a desert. For instance, internal drainage (page 341) is characteristic of a desert, but it does not cause the existence of a desert. Also, know where the main deserts of the world are (see figure 13.3, page 341) Know the Introduction Know the Distribution of Deserts Know Some Characteristics of Deserts Know Desert Features in the Southwestern United States (that is, be able to distinguish and identify the characteristics of the Colorado Plateau and of the Basin and Range deserts). Review the notes you took after the two projections of the Death Valley movie. Know Wind Action Know Box 13.2 (page 352). Desert Pavement and Desert Varnish Chapter 15 - Geologic Structures You can integrate your study with Box 15.2 (pages 398 to 400), that deals with the San Andreas Fault (which is the destination of one of the Geol 35 Field Trip during the Spring 2008 semester). Also, be able to identify geologic structures such as anticlines, synclines and faults from simple geologic maps, integrating your knowledge of structures (from this chapter) with your knowledge of stratigraphy (from chapter 8) Know the Introduction Know Tectonic Forces at Work Know Structures as a Record of the Geologic Past know Folds Know Fractures in Rocks   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  February 2, 2008 Previous Chapters: the cumulative part of the test concerns lab chapters too but only for what concerns plate tectonics. Simply review the materials on the lab manual while you do the same on the class textbook. There will be no math questions from the previous chapters of the lab section. Rock Identification: You will be given a few rocks and you will need to identify each one, giving it a name 9for instance, you will have to tell if a rock is igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic and then name it, for instance is it a schist, or a gneiss, or a slate, etc.); you will be given rocks that you have already seen and identified during the three rock labs and the general review session of Wednesday, February 6. You will need to bring your 2x2 glass only; HCl, a streak plate and a magnet will be available if and when necessary. You will have a copy of step 4 only of Fig. 5.2, page 94; Fig. 6.8, page 118; Fig. 7.15, page 143; a blank copy of Figs. 5.24, 6.10 and 7.19. You will need to know the procedure to follow for rock identification, as explained in each chapter and as you applied it during your lab exercise. Current Chapters: Note that, while the list of chapters seems endless, the actual material is simply integrating what you already know from the lecture; chapters 5 through 8 are useful also as a review for the cumulative part on the lecture section; chapters from 10 onward explain already seen concepts with different words. Chapter 5 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanic Hazards know the whole chapter, I>except Volcanic hazards and human risks Be able to identify the igneous rocks we have seen in the lab Chapter 6 - Sedimentary Rocks, Processes, and Environments know the whole chapter, including sedimentary structures and stratigraphic sequences Be able to identify the sedimentary rocks we have seen in the lab Chapter 7 - Metamorphic Rocks, Processes, and Environments know the whole chapter Be able to identify the metamorphic rocks we have seen in the lab Chapter 8 - Dating of Rocks, Fossils, and Geologic Events know the whole chapter be able to reconstruct a geologic sequence from a diagram If necessary, the test will include a copy of Fig. 8.16, page 161. skip parts 8D and 8E Chapter 10 - Geologic Structures, Maps and Block Diagrams know the Introduction know part 10A (Structural Geology) skip parts 10B and 10C Chapter 11 - Stream Processes, Landscapes, Mass Wastage and Flood Hazards know the Introduction know part 11A (Stream Processes and Landscapes) skip parts 11B, 11C, 11D, 11E and 11F Chapter 12 - Groundwater Processes, Resources and Risks know the Introduction know part 12A (Caves and Karst Topography) skip part 12B know part 12C (Land Subsidence Hazards caused by Groudnwater Withdrawal) skip part 12D Chapter 14 - Dryland Landforms, Hazards, and Risks know the Introduction know part 14A (Eolian Processes, Dryland Landforms and Desertification) know the main facts of parts 14B, 14C and 14D