GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 2 Study Guide - Summer 2013 exam date: Thursday, July 11, 2013 - 8:00 AM Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  July 7, 2013 PLEASE NOTE: Cellular phones, iPods, Blackberries, Bluetooth, headphones, computers, pocket calculators, dictionaries, translators or, in general, ANY KIND of electronic device CAN NOT be used during the test. All electronic devices MUST BE TURNED OFF: if a cell phone rings, if a light is visible, or a device is on while in class during test time, you will not be allowed to finish your test and your result will be invalidated. You can not use any text, notes, dictionary, pocket calculator, flash card, or any source of information other than your brain. You will NOT need a ruler for this test. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron, Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser your Geology/Mineralogy 2X2 glass (you will all be provided with an individual streak plate; magnets and HCl bottles will be available) This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. There is no additional information compared to what has been said, discussed, shown, illustrated in class. It is YOUR personal responsability to cover the materials listed below on the lecture textbook, on the lab textbook, on "Cradle of Life", on the web pages, and on your notes. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some information that has been detailed in class is only mentioned briefly on the textbooks, and you are responsible for covering that; know what the key terms and concepts are (see the list at the end of each chapter on both your textbook and your lab manual); exercise with the questions for review also found at the end of each chapter. Review the materials from your quizzes. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with other fellow students if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab. Jurassic ammonites from the Ammonitic Red Formation of the Italian Alps   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  July 9, 2013 Chapter 5 - Weathering and Soil Know what Weathering, Erosion and Transportation are Know Weathering and Earth Systems Know How Weathering Changes Rocks Know Effects of Weathering Know everything about Mechanical Weatheringand Chemical Weathering. Be sure you know what the most important agents for both kinds are Be sure to know the consequences of both kinds of weathering on different rocks Know what the most common weathering products are Understand what happens in Table 5.1 and Figure 5.13, p. 122 (know the main chemical formulas) Know table 5.2, page 123 Read the section "Environmental Geology 5.1" on the carbon cycle and climate on page 126 Know all about Soil. Be sure to know also about the properties of clay minerals (remember the section on clay minerals on page 40) Know the difference between a clay mineral and a clay particle Read the section "In Greater Depth 5.2" on bauxite and aluminum, page 131 and know the main concepts You do NOT need to know Table 5.3 or Fig. 5.23, both on page 132 Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Know the Introduction Know Sediment know what sediment is, how it gets eroded, transported, deposited know the processes of lithification, that change a clastic sediment into a clastic sedimentary rock know about compositional maturity, sorting, rounding and sphericity Know Types of Sedimentary Rocks: in particular, know the differences between clastic sedimentary rocks, crystalline sedimentary rocks, and organic sedimentary rocks Know the different types of sedimentary rocks Know Detrital (or clastic) Sedimentary Rocks know what porosity, pores, grains, cement, matrix are, and how their properties vary in different clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks remember the geologic meaning of, for instance, a quartz sandstone, an arkose, a graywacke know what fissility is (do not confuse fissility with foliation, which is typical of regional metamorphic rocks, see Chapter 7) Know Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: carbonate rocks, cherts and evaporites know the difference between carbonates produced inorganically and carbonates produced organically know which pelagic organisms are responsible for open-ocean sedimentation (see Protists on the Images web page) know what the C.C.D. (Carbonate Compensation Depth) is (see C.C.D. on the Stratigraphy web page) Know Organic Sedimentary Rocks know The Origin of Oil and Gas: be able to reason in terms of oxic and anoxic environments; be able to reason on photosynthesis and respiration; know and be aware that conditions on Earth in the past were different (for instance, during the Cretaceous) Know Sedimentary Structures (see also Sedimentary Structures and Colors on the Images web page) Know where you would find, among other structures, Graded Bedding and Cross-Bedding Know what a Turbidite is and where it would form, and its temporal meaning Know what Fossils are, and what they indicate (both Time and Environment of Deposition) Know what a Formation is (for instance, the Navajo Sandstone, or the Morrison Formation) Know Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks Know what Transgression and Regression are (see text and Figure 6.41, page 164 in the 12th edition of the textbook, OR see Web Box 6.3, page 165 in the 11th edition) Chapter 7 - Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Know the Introduction Know the Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks know the difference between confining pressure and differential stress know what foliation is (and do not confuse foliation with fissility, typical of shale, a clastic sedimentary rock) Know Classification of Metamorphic Rocks (see also Table 7.1, page 176), [page 178 in the 11th ed.] Know what marble, quartzite and hornfels are Know what slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss and migmatite are (see also Figure 7.14, page 182), [page 184 in the 11th ed.] Know Types of Metamorphism Know about Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism (see also Figure 7.17, page 184), [page 186 in the 11th ed.] Know Hydrothermal Processes, including Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals (see also Figures 7.19 and 7.20, page 186), [page 188 in the 11th ed.] Know Table 7.3, Hydrothermal Processes Also, do not forget to check out rock texture and appearance on the Rocks web page   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  July 9, 2013 Lab Chapter 4 - Rock-Forming Processes and the Rock Cycle Know the Introduction This paragraph summarizes the characteristics of three kinds of rocks, their properties, and their classification. You have already seen part of this material in greater detail for test 1 (igneous rocks) and you are preparing sedimentary and metamorphic rocks from the textbook also for this very test. Review parts 4A and 4B. Know all the concepts. I will not ask you to identify the type of rock on this test. Be able to reason in terms of the Rock Cycle, for instance by working on Fig. 4.2, page 91 and reviewing Activity 4.1, page 99. Lab Chapter 5 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanic Hazards Know the Introduction Know Igneous Rocks Textures, Mineralogic Composition, and Classification Know Analysis and Interpretation of Igneous Rock Samples Know Intrusion, Eruption, and Volcanic Landforms Lab Chapter 6 - Sedimentary Rocks, Processes, and Environments Know the Introduction Know Sedimentary Processes and Rocks Read the procedure under Hand Sample Analysis and Interpretation for now. I will not ask you to identify sedimentary rocks on this test, but you will need to know this procedure for the final exam. Know Sedimentary Structures and Environments Skip Interpretation of a Stratigraphic Sequence for now. You will need to know this procedure for the final exam.   Study Guide, part 3: Igneous Rocks identification Last Updated  •  July 9, 2013 Igneous Rock Identification: You will be given a few igneous rocks to identify. These rock types will be chosen among the ones you have already seen, identified and checked during the igneous rocks lab. You might have different rocks, rocks of the same kind, rocks of different kind. It is up to you to identify the rocks. You will need to bring your 2x2 glass ONLY (plus pencil, eraser and scantron). Streak plates, HCl bottles and a magnet will be available. I will provide you with the appropriate flowcharts and identification keys.