GEOL 4 - Physical Geology (with Lab) Exam # 2: Study Guide - Winter 2011 exam date: Thursday, January 27, 2011 - 8:30 AM sharp Professor: Dr. Alessandro Grippo, Ph.D.   General Information Last Updated  •  January 25, 2011 PLEASE NOTE: Cellular phones, iPods, Blackberries, Bluetooth, headphones, computers, pocket calculators, dictionaries, translators or, in general, ANY KIND of electronic device CAN NOT be used during the test. All electronic devices MUST BE TURNED OFF: if a cell phone rings, if a light is visible, or a device is on while in class during test time, you will not be allowed to finish your test and your result will be invalidated. You can not use any text, notes, dictionary, pocket calculator, flash card, or any source of information other than your brain. You will NOT need a ruler for this test. You can not wear a hood during the test, hide your ears or have anything in them at any time. You will ONLY need to bring: one Scantron, Form 882-E a number 2 pencil an eraser your Geology/Mineralogy 2 x 2 glass (if needed, you will access to a streak plate, magnets and HCl bottles) This study guide must be interpreted (literally) as a guide to the study of the subject and not as a listing of possible questions. It is YOUR personal responsability to cover the materials listed below on the lecture textbook, on the lab textbook, on the web pages, and on your notes. I would strongly recommend that you peruse your notes for completeness of information: some information that has been detailed in class is only mentioned briefly on the textbooks, and you are responsible for covering that; know what the key terms and concepts are; exercise with the questions for review found at the end of each chapter. Review the materials from your labs. Read the summary at the end of each chapter, try to answer review questions, try to work with other fellow students if you find it useful. Never hesitate to ask me questions in class or during the lab. Jurassic ammonites from the Ammonitic Red Formation of the Italian Alps   Study Guide, part 1: lecture Last Updated  •  January 25, 2011 Chapter 6 - Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks Know the Introduction Know Sediment know what sediment is, how it gets eroded, transported, deposited know the processes of lithification, that change a clastic sediment into a clastic sedimentary rock know about compositional maturity, sorting, rounding and sphericity Know Types of Sedimentary Rocks: in particular, know the differences between clastic sedimentary rocks, crystalline sedimentary rocks, and organic sedimentary rocks Know the different types of sedimentary rocks Know Detrital (or clastic) Sedimentary Rocks know what porosity, pores, grains, cement, matrix are, and how their properties vary in different clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks remember the geologic meaning of, for instance, a quartz sandstone, an arkose, a graywacke know what fissility is (do not confuse fissility with foliation, which is typical of regional metamorphic rocks, see Chapter 7) Know Chemical Sedimentary Rocks: carbonate rocks, cherts and evaporites know the difference between carbonates produced inorganically and carbonates produced organically know which pelagic organisms are responsible for open-ocean sedimentation (see Protists on the Images web page) know what the C.C.D. (Carbonate Compensation Depth) is (see C.C.D. on the Stratigraphy web page) Know Organic Sedimentary Rocks know The Origin of Oil and Gas: be able to reason in terms of oxic and anoxic environments; be able to reason on photosynthesis and respiration; know and be aware that conditions on Earth in the past were different (for instance, during the Cretaceous) Know Sedimentary Structures (see also Sedimentary Structures and Colors on the Images web page) Know where you would find, among other structures, Graded Bedding and Cross-Bedding Know what a Turbidite is and where it would form, and its temporal meaning Know what Fossils are, and what they indicate (both Time and Environment of Deposition) Know what a Formation is (for instance, the Navajo Sandstone, or the Morrison Formation) Know Interpretation of Sedimentary Rocks Know what Transgression and Regression are (see text and Figure 6.41, page 164 in the 12th edition of the textbook, OR see Web Box 6.3, page 165 in the 11th edition) Chapter 7 - Metamorphism, Metamorphic Rocks, and Hydrothermal Rocks Know the Introduction Know the Factors Controlling the Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks know the difference between confining pressure and differential stress know what foliation is (and do not confuse foliation with fissility, typical of shale, a clastic sedimentary rock) Know Classification of Metamorphic Rocks (see also Table 7.1, page 176), [page 178 in the 11th ed.] Know what marble, quartzite and hornsfel are Know what slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss and migmatite are (see also Figure 7.14, page 182), [page 184 in the 11th ed.] Know Types of Metamorphism Know about Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism (see also Figure 7.17, page 184), [page 186 in the 11th ed.] Know Hydrothermal Processes, including Metasomatism and Hydrothermal Rocks and Minerals (see also Figures 7.19 and 7.20, page 186), [page 188 in the 11th ed.] Also, do not forget to check out rock texture and appearance on the Rocks web page Chapter 8 - Time and Geology Know The Key to the Past Know who Steno, Hutton, Lyell and Darwin were and what was their contribution to geology (an extended guide to this can be found on the web site, on the stratigraphy pages. You do not need to study or know all of this section: just refer to the basic facts concerning the four scientist cited above and discussed during lecture). Know Relative Time Among other things: Know the Introduction Know the difference between Relative Age and Numerical Age Review (from chapter 6) what contacts and Formations are Know the three Principles of Steno, and who Steno was Know the other two Principles: cross-cutting relationships and inclusions Know what Unconformities are, and the three kinds we described (You can skip the term of Paraconformity, but still know it is a possible kind of unconformity). Check out the web site page on unconformities Know Correlation, and how we proceed to correlate Know in particular the use of Fossils, the Principle of Faunal Succession, what is an Index Fossil, what is a Fossil Assemblage Know the Standard Geologic Time Scale: know the difference between periods of time and the rocks that represent those periods of time know names and relative order of Eons (Eonothems), Eras (Erathems) and Periods know numerical ages for the Precambrian / Phanerozoic boundary, and for the Paleozoic / Mesozoic and Mesozoic / Cenozoic boundaries. Use Figure 8.24, page 214 for reference. [page 216 in the 11th ed.] (Systems) Know Numerical Age Read the whole paragraph, but know in particular: about radioactive isotopes (not the single couples parent - daughter but the concept of radioactivity and radioactive decay) about parent and daughter isotopes, and the concept of half-life be able to calculate numerical ages using simple math, when you know the amounts of P, D and the half-life of an isotope. You are supposed to know the half-life of 14C. If other isotopes will be used, I will provide you with the proper numbers. about the differences in dating rocks and in dating organic materials: what do you use, why can you use it, how does it work and what are the orders of magnitude of time involved about Uses of Isotopic Dating Review Figures 8.20 (page 208) [210], 8.21 (page 209) [211]. Grasp the concepts, but know that I will NOT ask direct questions out of them Know Figure 8.22 A, page 211 [213] and grasp the meaning of 8.22 B. There might be questions from 8.22. Know Combining Relative and Numerical Ages Know Age of the Earth Be able to use all the concepts you learned so far: for instance, can a Jurassic chert inclusion be found in a Triassic limestone? (answer: NO! Inclusions are always older than the rock that hosts them. The Jurassic Period is younger than Triassic Period, so you can not have a younger inclusion).   Study Guide, part 2: Lab Last Updated  •  January 25, 2011 For this part of the test you will have to identify igneous and sedimentary rocks (identify the type of rock and then give it a name) and also answer a few questions. Rocks Identification: You will need to identify a few rocks (chosen among the ones you have already seen and identified during these three labs: rocks in general, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks. You will be able to review these rocks once again before the test, on January 26). You will need to bring your 2x2 glass ONLY (plus pencil, eraser and scantron). Streak plates, HCl bottles and a magnet will be available. I will provide you with: a copy of Figure 4.4, page 81 (to identify the rock as either igneous or sedimentary. I will not give you metamorphic rocks). A copy of Step 4 only (not the whole page) and figure caption from Figure 5.2, page 94 A copy of Figure 5.24, page 109. A copy of Figure 6.8, page 118 A copy of Figure 6.10, page 121. You will have NO access to any other illustration. You will need to know the procedure for rock identification, as explained in lab manual chapters 4, 5, and 6. You already worked with these procedures during your lab exercise and lab review. Lab Chapter 4 - Rock-Forming Processes and the Rock Cycle Know the Introduction This paragraph summarizes the three kinds of rocks, their properties, and their classification. You have already seen part of this material in greater detail for test 1 (igneous and sedimentary rocks) and you are preparing metamorphic rocks from the textbook also for this very test. Reveiw parts 4A and 4B. I will not ask you to identify the type of rock on this test, but you will need to distinguish between igneous and sedimentary. The flow chart of page 81, that will be on the test, is the best way for you to do that. Be able to reason in terms of the Rock Cycle, for instance by working on Fig. 4.13, page 88 Lab Chapter 5 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanic Hazards Know the Introduction Know the Igneous Processes and Rocks Know the Introduction Know Textures of Igneous Rocks Know Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks Know Classifying Igneous Rocks Know Description and Interpretation of Igneous Rock Samples Know Bowen's Series of Mineral Crystallization and Reaction in Magma Know the procedure under Descripytion and Interpretation of Igneous Rock Samples Skip part 5C. Lab Chapter 6 - Sedimentary Rocks, Processes, and Environments Know the Introduction Know Sedimentary Processes and Rocks use the classification of the lab manual (detrital or clastic, chemical, and biochemical) rather than that of the textbook Know the procedure under Hand Sample Analysis and Interpretation Know Sedimentary Structures and Environments Know Interpretation of a Stratigraphic Sequence